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JLPT N1 · 文法
Grammar JLPT N1
Grammar JLPT N1: 129 Grammar patterns · 35 Discourse theory · Every grammar point, organised by lesson and by theme.
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Ⅰ 事実を説明
- 〜が早いか ga hayai ka Just now… then immediately…. The following action happened almost at the same time, surprisingly fast. 教科書 p.8
- 〜や・〜や否や ya / ya ina ya Just… immediately…. Almost synonymous with 〜が早いか, but written, more formal. 教科書 p.8
- 〜なり nari Just… is (right away)…. Right after action A, the subject immediately does action B unexpectedly, unusually. 教科書 p.8
- 〜そばから soba kara Just… again…（repeatedly）. As soon as you finish doing it, it becomes invalid again / a new thing arises, repeated many times. 教科書 p.9
- 〜てからというもの(は) te kara to iu mono (wa) Since… then (since then until now)…. After that milestone, there are big changes and the new state lasts forever. 教科書 p.9
- 〜にあって ni atte In the circumstances/period… (so new)…. State the special context: ① because of that situation, that happened, ② even in that situation still…（〜にあっても）. 教科書 p.9
- 〜を皮切りに(して)・〜を皮切りとして wo kawakiri ni (shite) Starts with…, then spreads/continuously from there…. Take the first incident as a milestone, then activities develop strongly. 教科書 p.12
- 〜に至るまで ni itaru made Until…. Emphasizing the wide range, even the very small/far is included. 教科書 p.12
- 〜を限りに wo kagiri ni Ends from…, taking… as the final milestone. Announcement of termination of a job that has been going on for a long time. 教科書 p.12
- 〜をもって（終わり） wo motte (owari) It... is the end. Declare the end of the event/service at that time. Very formal. 教科書 p.13
- 〜といったところだ to itta tokoro da At most, it's only about…. State the maximum level but the number/level is not high. 教科書 p.13
- 〜をおいて wo oite Besides... there is no one/anything else. Appreciate: only this person/thing is number one. 教科書 p.16
- 〜ならでは(の) naradewa (no) Only… there is. Emphasize unique features, convey compliments. 教科書 p.16
- 〜にとどまらず ni todomarazu It doesn't stop at..., but also spreads to.... The scope exceeds the original framework. 教科書 p.16
- 〜はおろか wa oroka Don't mention…, even… also…. The easier/lighter task can't be done, let alone the other one. 教科書 p.17
- 〜もさることながら mo saru koto nagara … yes, but it's more than that…. Acknowledge the former, but the latter is what I want to emphasize. 教科書 p.17
- 〜なり〜なり nari ~ nari Or…, or… (whatever). Provide a few typical options for listeners to choose themselves. 教科書 p.20
- 〜であれ〜であれ・〜であろうと〜であろうと de are ~ de are Whether it's… or… it's…. Given several opposing cases, the conclusion is the same. 教科書 p.20
- 〜といい〜といい to ii ~ to ii In terms of... it's the same, in terms of... it's the same → it's the same in every way. List two typical aspects to evaluate. 教科書 p.20
- 〜といわず〜といわず to iwazu ~ to iwazu Both… and…, everywhere/always…. No distinction, it's all the same. 教科書 p.21
- 〜いかんだ・〜いかんで(は) ikan da / ikan de (wa) Depends on…. The result changes according to the content of that noun. 教科書 p.24
- 〜いかんによらず・〜いかんにかかわらず・〜いかんを問わず ikan ni yorazu / ikan wo towazu No matter what…. The results remain the same regardless of the content. 教科書 p.24
- 〜をものともせず(に) wo mono tomo sezu (ni) Despite…, undeterred by…. Overcome great difficulties to take action. 教科書 p.24
- 〜をよそに wo yoso ni Ignore…, ignore…. Pretend it has nothing to do with you and just act. 教科書 p.25
- 〜ならいざしらず nara iza shirazu If it's... then it's okay, over here.... Compare: that case is acceptable, but this case is not. 教科書 p.25
- 〜んばかりだ・〜んばかりに・〜んばかりの n bakari da / n bakari ni As if about to…, almost as if…. It hasn't actually happened yet but looks like it's about to happen. 教科書 p.28
- 〜ながらに(して) nagara ni (shite) Still in the same state... but.... Keep it that way and get something done. 教科書 p.28
- 〜きらいがある kirai ga aru Tends to be（bad）…. State bad tendencies that that person/thing often has. 教科書 p.28
- 〜とばかり(に) to bakari (ni) As if to say…. No words are said, but attitude and actions clearly show it. 教科書 p.29
- 〜ともなく・〜ともなしに to mo naku / to mo nashi ni It's unclear... (who/where/when). The specific subject, place, and time cannot be determined. 教科書 p.29
- 〜かたがた katagata By the way… (do that too). One action but two purposes, the main purpose is the former. 教科書 p.32
- 〜かたわら katawara Besides the main job of..., we also do.... Parallel two jobs for a long time. 教科書 p.32
- 〜がてら gatera By the way... let's do it now.... One go/work that achieves two tasks, casual, intimate tone. 教科書 p.32
Ⅱ 主観を含む
- 〜ところを tokoro wo At a time when…（yet）…. Sorry/thank you for bothering me when the other person is busy. 教科書 p.36
- 〜ものを mono wo Should have been…, but…. Regret, blame: the result could have been better. 教科書 p.36
- 〜とはいえ to wa ie Even though it says... but in reality.... Admitting the previous point, but reality is not as expected. 教科書 p.36
- 〜といえども to iedomo No matter what…. Even the special/strongest case is no exception. 教科書 p.37
- 〜と思いきや to omoikiya I thought... who would have thought.... Prediction completely wrong, unexpected results. 教科書 p.37
- 〜とあれば to areba If it is… (for that special reason), then be ready…. For that purpose, accept even difficult things. 教科書 p.40
- 〜たら最後・〜たが最後 tara saigo / ta ga saigo Once... it's over (end of rescue). If you do that, it will definitely lead to bad consequences. 教科書 p.40
- 〜ようでは you dewa If (the situation is bad) like that…. Present a bad situation and predict a bad outcome. 教科書 p.40
- 〜なしに(は)・〜なしでは・〜なくして(は) nashi ni (wa) / nakushite (wa) If there is no… then it is impossible…. Emphasize that it is an essential condition. 教科書 p.41
- 〜くらいなら kurai nara It's better... than.... Compare two bad things: the one in the front is worse, so choose the latter. 教科書 p.41
- 〜(よ)うと(も)・〜(よ)うが (yo)u to (mo) / (yo)u ga No matter what…. Regardless of the situation, the result does not change. 教科書 p.44
- 〜(よ)うと〜まいと・〜(よ)うが〜まいが (yo)u to ~ mai to Whether… or not… is…. Two opposing possibilities but the same result. 教科書 p.44
- 〜であれ・〜であろうと de are / de arou to Even if… it's still…. Regardless of the object the same applies. 教科書 p.44
- 〜たところで ta tokoro de Yes… it's useless. Even if you try, the result is still not as expected. 教科書 p.45
- 〜ば〜で・〜なら〜で・〜たら〜たで ba ~ de / nara ~ de If… then it's like…, （there's a problem anyway/it's fine）. No matter what the situation is, you can still manage it, or you still have your own troubles. 教科書 p.45
- 〜ばこそ ba koso It's because... that's why.... Emphasize single, positive reason. 教科書 p.52
- 〜とあって to atte Because it's… (special occasion/situation), so…. The special context leads to natural consequences. 教科書 p.52
- 〜ではあるまいし dewa arumai shi It's not… where…. Refute the absurd premise → should don't do that / should do differently. 教科書 p.52
- 〜手前 temae Because I was too late... (in front of others), I had to.... Because of face, I can't help but do it. 教科書 p.53
- 〜ゆえ(に)・〜ゆえの yue (ni) / yue no Do…, because…. The way of saying the reason is very formal, the writing is ancient. 教科書 p.53
- 〜にかたくない ni katakunai It's not difficult to…（easy to imagine/understand）. Just think and you'll understand. 教科書 p.56
- 〜(よ)うにも〜ない (yo)u ni mo ~ nai Even if I want to… I can't…. There was an intention but because of objective obstacles it was impossible. 教科書 p.56
- 〜て(は)いられない te (wa) irarenai It can't go on... forever. The situation is urgent so it is not allowed to maintain that state. 教科書 p.56
- 〜べくもない beku mo nai Of course it's impossible…. For obvious reasons, it is absolutely impossible. 教科書 p.57
- 〜べからず・〜べからざる bekarazu / bekarazaru Forbidden…, not allowed…. Strong prohibition, old sign/text style. 教科書 p.57
- 〜まじき majiki Not allowed… (as…). Behavior not worthy of that position or position. 教科書 p.57
- 〜ときたら to kitara Speaking of…, it's (truly speechless). State the topic and then complain and criticize. 教科書 p.60
- 〜ともなると・〜ともなれば to mo naru to / to mo nareba Once you reach the level/position… then of course…. At that special level, the situation is completely different. 教科書 p.60
- 〜ともあろう to mo arou Sugar is… yet…. People/organizations with high status do unworthy things. 教科書 p.60
- 〜たるもの(は) taru mono (wa) If it is… then it must be…. State the standards and obligations associated with that status. 教科書 p.61
- 〜なりに・〜なりの nari ni / nari no In your own way that suits…. Within the limits of my ability/conditions, I try. 教科書 p.61
- 〜にひきかえ ni hikikae The exact opposite of…. Place two clearly contrasting objects for evaluation. 教科書 p.64
- 〜にもまして ni mo mashite More than…. Compared to that milestone, the level is even higher. 教科書 p.64
- 〜ないまでも nai made mo Even though it's not to the extent of..., at least it's.... Lower the requirement to minimum level. 教科書 p.64
- 〜ずじまい zu jimai In the end, it wasn't... okay（that's it）. I intended to do it but in the end couldn't do it and now it's too late. 教科書 p.68
- 〜っぱなし ppanashi ① Just leave it alone (don't process it) ② Continuously... forever. 教科書 p.68
- 〜きり kiri Since… there is no… anymore. After that action, the state remains the same. 教科書 p.68
- 〜まで(のこと)だ made (no koto) da There's only one way…（it's okay）. If this option fails, choose another method, don't hesitate. 教科書 p.69
- 〜に至って(は)・〜に至っても ni itatte (wa) / ni itatte mo Once it reaches the level/stage... then...／Even though it has reached that level, it's still.... Emphasizes the extreme situation. 教科書 p.69
- 〜始末だ shimatsu da Eventually it got to the point where... (bad ending). The bad situation persists, eventually leading to a bad outcome. 教科書 p.69
- 〜からある・〜からする・〜からの kara aru / kara suru / kara no The ends… (so many). Emphasize large quantity/size/price. 教科書 p.74
- 〜たりとも〜ない taritomo ~ nai Even just… not…. thorough negation, not even the smallest unit. 教科書 p.74
- 〜すら・〜ですら sura / de sura Even… also…. Give extreme examples → let alone others. 教科書 p.74
- 〜だに dani Just… that's enough…. Even that minimum is enough to cause strong emotions. 教科書 p.75
- 〜として〜ない toshite ~ nai Not a single…. Completely negated, no exceptions. 教科書 p.75
Ⅲ 主観を述べる
- 〜までもない・〜までもなく made mo nai / made mo naku There's no need to…. It's too obvious/too small to be unnecessary. 教科書 p.78
- 〜ばそれまでだ ba sore made da If… then it's over/finished. All the effort is in vain. 教科書 p.78
- 〜に(は)当たらない ni (wa) ataranai Not worth it…. That reaction is excessive, unnecessary. 教科書 p.78
- 〜でなくてなんだろう(か) de nakute nan darou (ka) If this is not… then what is it? → It is…. Make a strong assertion with a rhetorical question. 教科書 p.79
- 〜に足る・〜に足りない ni taru / ni tarinai Enough to…, worthy to…／not worth…. Evaluate whether it has enough value or not. 教科書 p.82
- 〜に堪える・〜に堪えない ni taeru / ni taenai It's worth…／can't stand it when…. ① Valuable to watch/read ② It's so bad that it's unpopular. 教科書 p.82
- 〜の至り・〜の極み no itari / no kiwami Extremely…, extremely…. Emotion/state at highest level. 教科書 p.82
- 〜限りだ kagiri da It's... very. Reveals the speaker's own strong emotions. 教科書 p.83
- 〜極まる・〜極まりない kiwamaru / kiwamarinai Extremely…（usually bad）. to the extreme level, accompanied by feelings of dissatisfaction. 教科書 p.83
- 〜とは to wa Unexpectedly...! Expressing surprise, shock, emotion at an unexpected event. 教科書 p.83
- 〜といったらない・〜ったらない to ittara nai / ttara nai ... is beyond words, no words can describe it. The extreme level, good or bad, can be used. 教科書 p.83
- 〜てやまない te yamanai Always... forever. long-lasting, intense feelings/wishes. 教科書 p.86
- 〜を禁じ得ない wo kinjienai Can't be suppressed…. Emotions rushed up uncontrollably. 教科書 p.86
- 〜ないではいられない・〜ずにはいられない zu ni wa irarenai / nai dewa irarenai It's impossible not to…. The urge to couldn't be contained, had to do. 教科書 p.86
- 〜てはかなわない・〜ではかなわない te wa kanawanai … I can't stand it. That situation is uncomfortable and unacceptable. 教科書 p.87
- 〜ものか・〜もんか mono ka / mon ka No way…!／Definitely not…!. strong, emotional negative. 教科書 p.87
- 〜ないではおかない・〜ずにはおかない zu ni wa okanai / nai dewa okanai It will definitely…, it cannot help but cause…. ① The speaker's strong determination ② The inevitable event causes that effect. 教科書 p.87
- 〜ないではすまない・〜ずにはすまない zu ni wa sumanai / nai dewa sumanai Can't help but..., no matter what.... Considering the situation and social common sense, it is inevitable. 教科書 p.87
Ⅳ 補足
- 〜はさておき wa sateoki Let's put aside... for now, let's not talk about.... Let's put that aside to talk about more important/urgent things. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜ものがある mono ga aru There's something really…. The speaker feels a quality/something (evaluates). 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜あっての atte no If you have… you can get…. Emphasize indispensable conditions. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜ならまだしも nara madashimo If it's... then it's still okay, but.... The other case is still acceptable, this case is too much. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜てまで・〜までして te made / made shite To the point of having to... (also do it). Doing excessive and undesirable things to achieve the goal. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜たあげく(に) ta ageku (ni) After so much…, finally（bad ending）…. Went through a long, hard process and it ended badly. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜にして ni shite ① At the age/position… that（already）… ② Just… just…. Emphasize special times or conditions. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜ずくめ zukume It's all…, it's all one thing…. From beginning to end there is only that. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜まみれ mamire Smudgy…, full of…（adhesive on the outside）. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜めく meku It seems…, tinged with…. Exudes the atmosphere/nature of that thing. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜ぐるみ gurumi The whole…, including…. The whole group/whole participates. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜どころではない dokoro dewa nai It's not the time to…, I don't have any strength left…. The situation does not allow to do that. 教科書 p.112〜119
- 〜を踏まえて・〜を踏まえた wo fumaete / wo fumaeta Based on…, based on…. Take that as a premise/basis for further consideration. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜を控えて・〜に控えて wo hikaete / ni hikaete It's coming…（so）…／behind is…. ① Big upcoming event ② There is… right behind (location). 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜にまつわる ni matsuwaru Related/attached to…（story, legend）. Turn around, get involved in that. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜にかかわる ni kakawaru Affects…, has important relevance to…. important matters, that can be decided. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜を経て wo hete Going through…, going through…. Go through that process/time/procedure and then move on to the next step. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜にかまけて ni kamakete Being... so absorbed in my mind that I neglected other things. Putting all your effort into one thing doesn't do the job worth doing . 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜にかこつけて ni kakotsukete Use… as an excuse (to do what you want). Making excuses not sincere. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜をおして wo oshite Despite…（obstacles）but still…. Overcome obstacles to do. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜てはばからない te habakaranai Brazenly..., not even shy.... Should have been considerate/afraid of others but still blatantly did it. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜ないものでもない nai mono demo nai It's not impossible…（depending on the situation）. Affirm weak, reserved. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜というものだ to iu mono da That's why it's called..., that's right.... Make conclusions and conclusions that are true. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜を余儀なくされる・〜を余儀なくさせる wo yoginaku sareru / saseru Forced to…（due to circumstances）／forced to…. 〜される＝self forced; 〜させる＝a reason to force others to do something. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜ざるを得ない zaru wo enai Must…, can't help but…. I don't want to, but considering the situation, there's no other way. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜ないことには nai koto ni wa If not… then（impossible）…. State prerequisites. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜からして kara shite ① Right from… already…（give a typical example） ② Judging from… then…（based on judgment）. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜もかまわず mo kamawazu Not paying attention to..., not paying attention.... Ignore things that should be of concern. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜に即して ni sokushite According to…, relying closely on…. Do not depart from that reality/regulation. 教科書 p.92〜110
- 〜こととて koto tote Because it is…（so please forgive me）. State the reason with apology, excuse. 教科書 p.92〜110
Ⅴ 文章の文法
- 文末の「〜た」と「〜る」の使い分け bunmatsu no ta to ru In a paragraph, the job is done use 〜た; truth/current state/conclusion uses the form る（〜である）. 教科書 p.120〜123
- 「〜ている」で状態・継続を表す teiru: joutai to keizoku 〜ている is used when a state remains or an action is continuing; 〜た only states that the job has ended. 教科書 p.120〜123
- 歴史的現在（過去の話をる形で語る） rekishiteki genzai Tell stories about the past but use る form to create the feeling that is happening before your eyes. 教科書 p.120〜123
- 仮定条件と確定条件 katei jouken to kakutei jouken 仮定＝something that has not happened yet (assumption); 確定＝it is clear/is happening. The same pattern can have both meanings, the context must be considered. 教科書 p.124〜127
- 反実仮想（事実と違うことを仮定する） hanjitsu kasou Assume something did not happen, with a feeling of regret or relief. 教科書 p.124〜127
- 前置きの条件形（仮定の意味がない） maeoki no joukenkei The conditional form is used to open words, completely does not have a hypothetical meaning. 教科書 p.124〜127
- 視点を統一するための受身 shiten touitsu no ukemi In a paragraph, you should maintain the same subject (point of view); If you want to do that, change the sentence to passive voice instead of changing the subject. 教科書 p.128〜131
- 迷惑受身と客観描写の受身 meiwaku ukemi to kyakkan byousha ① Passive damage: suffers negative effects. ② Objective passive: used in expository writing to hide the subject. 教科書 p.128〜131
- 他動詞＝変化を起こす動作に注目 tadoushi: henka wo okosu Use subverb when you want to emphasize who/what caused the change. 教科書 p.132〜135
- 自動詞＝物の動き・変化・可能・結果に注目 jidoushi: mono no ugoki Use autonomous words when pressing the thing itself changes, or saying possibility / result. 教科書 p.132〜135
- 慣用的な自他の組み合わせ kanyouteki na jita no kumiawase There are fixed combinations, which cannot be freely changed/substituted verbs. 教科書 p.132〜135
- 使役（〜させる）で主語を保つ shieki (saseru) When the subject of the paragraph is the person who ordered/permitted, use the command form to not change the subject. 教科書 p.140〜143
- 使役受身（〜させられる） shieki ukemi (saserareru) The subject is the person who is forced to do it, often accompanied by a feeling of being forced and uncomfortable. 教科書 p.140〜143
- 「そ」系＝文章中で直前に出た事柄を指す so-kei In writing, the thing just mentioned in the previous sentence is just equal to そ系. 教科書 p.144〜147
- 「こ」系＝これから述べること・書き手に近いもの ko-kei Use こ系 when ① is about to introduce something new, ② something is close to the writer or is being discussed. 教科書 p.144〜147
- 「あ」系＝書き手と読み手が共に知っていること a-kei Use あ系 when both writer and reader know (shared memory). 教科書 p.144〜147
- 新情報は「が」、既知情報は「は」 shin jouhou wa ga, kichi wa wa First appearance（new information）→ が; already mentioned, became a topic → は. 教科書 p.148〜151
- 対比を表す「は」 taihi wo arawasu wa When put two opposites next to each other, both use は. 教科書 p.148〜151
- 既知でも「が」を使う場合（展開・ニュース性） kichi demo ga wo tsukau baai Even though it's been mentioned before, when the incident changes to a new development or becomes news, use が. 教科書 p.148〜151
- 「〜は〜が」文（主題＋その中の説明） wa ~ ga bun State the topic with は, then talk about a part/attribute of it with が. 教科書 p.148〜151
- 論理的に続ける（結果・結論） ronriteki ni tsuzukeru Follow the causal relationship/conclusion, keeping the topic the same. 教科書 p.152〜155
- 予想と違う・影響されない結果を言う yosou to chigau kekka Connect inverse: ① contrary to prediction ② that fact does not affect the result. 教科書 p.152〜155
- 説明を補う（言い換え・例え・補足） setsumei wo oginau ① すなわち＝in other words ② いってみれば＝for example ③ ちなみに＝added by the way (not the main idea). 教科書 p.152〜155
- 話題を変える wadai wo kaeru Switch to another topic: put aside what you're talking about. 教科書 p.152〜155
- 繰り返しを避けるための省略 kurikaeshi wo sakeru shouryaku Japanese omits obvious components (especially the subject). Readers must compensate themselves when reading. 教科書 p.156〜159
- 言い換え（同じものを別の語で呼ぶ） iikae Avoid repetition by recalling with another word: a demonstrative word, a broader term, or a summary noun. 教科書 p.156〜159
- 空欄の前後から流れを読む kuuran no zengo kara nagare wo yomu For sentences that fill in the paragraph: read the previous sentence and the next sentence in the blank box, determine the relationship (cause and effect / inverse / complementary / summary) and then choose. 教科書 p.164〜167
- 筆者の主張は文末表現に出る hissha no shuchou wa bunmatsu ni deru The writer's opinion lies in the way the sentence ends: 〜のではないか・〜べきだ・〜に違いない・〜と考えられる・〜のだ. 教科書 p.164〜167
Ⅵ 文の組み立て
- ① まず文型の「型」を探す narabekae: bunkei no kata wo sagasu Look at the 4 pieces, find the piece with the grammatical pattern (〜たりとも, 〜をおいて, 〜からある…). That pattern determines which piece comes before it. 教科書 p.112〜119
- ② 助詞と述語の呼応で前後を決める narabekae: joshi to jutsugo no kyouou Find the corresponding pair は/が … 述語. The piece with は is usually the subject that comes first; Fragments end with verbs/adjectives usually at the end. 教科書 p.112〜119
- ③ ★の位置だけ答える（全部並べてから数える） narabekae: hoshi no ichi dake kotaeru Always arrange all 4 pieces into a complete sentence and then count which number ★ is. Don't guess directly. 教科書 p.112〜119