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JLPT N5 · 文法
Grammar JLPT N5
Grammar JLPT N5: 124 Grammar patterns · Every grammar point, organised by lesson and by theme.
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JLPT N5 文法
- ～は wa Auxiliary は: marks the topic “about/about…”. Placed after the topic the speaker wants to state information about; write は but read わ.
- ～も mo Also, also. Used when information about N is the same as the previously mentioned object; often replaces は/が/を.
- ～が ga Mark the subject; emphasizes who/what. Use with new information, who/what questions, natural phenomena, abilities and interests.
- ～を wo Marks the direct object of the action. Placed after the thing/person affected by the verb; を is read as お.
- ～に ni In, come, give; at the point of existence. Refers to a specific time, destination, recipient, purpose, or location with あります／います.
- ～で de At, by, by. Refers to the place where the action occurs, the means, tools, language or materials.
- ～と to With; and; that. Only co-workers, complete list, or highlight cited content.
- ～の no Of; belong; used to modify nouns. N1 explains the possession, type, origin, content or relation of N2.
- ～や～など～ ya nado What is…, …etc.. List a few representative examples, implying there are others.
- ～から～まで kara made From… to…. State the starting and ending points in time or space; Each part can be used separately.
- ～に～があります／います ni gaarimasu imasu In… there is…. あります used for objects/plants; います used for humans and animals.
- ～に行きます ni ikimasu Go to… to do…. Attach に after the stem ます of an action verb or noun to state the purpose.
- ～に来ます ni kimasu Come to do…. State the purpose of the movement toward the speaker's position or reference point.
- ～に帰ります ni kaerimasu Returning to do…. State your purpose for returning home, hometown or the place where you belong.
- ～に戻ります ni modorimasu Back, back. Used when returning to a previous position, job or state, not necessarily home/hometown.
- い-Adjく + V i adjku v Doing an action in the state of…. Turn adjectives ending い into adverbs to modify verbs.
- い-Adjくない i adjkunai No…. Form the present negative form of adjectives ending in い.
- い-Adjて i adjte … and…; because… so…. Connect the properties or state the mild cause; The two sides usually have the same evaluation direction.
- い-Adjくします i adjkushimasu Make… become…. Describes the subject actively changing the state of things.
- い-Adjくなります i adjkunarimasu Becoming…. Describes a change in a natural state or result, without emphasizing the actor.
- な-Adjに + V na adjni v Act in a way…. Turn adjectives ending な into adverbs to modify verbs.
- な-Adjで na adjde … and…; because… so…. Connects two properties or connects to the next clause.
- な-Adjにします na adjnishimasu Make… become…; choose…. Describes intentional change; with choice, Nにします means choose N.
- な-Adjになります na adjninarimasu Becoming…. Expressing a change to a state is expressed with な-adjectives.
- な-Adjじゃない／ではない na adjjanai dewa nai Not/not…. Negation of nouns and adjectives ending in な; じゃない is more intimate than ではありません.
- ～たいです taidesu Want to do…. Expresses the speaker's wishes; Common objects use を or が.
- ～がほしいです gahoshiidesu Want to have…. Expresses the desire to own an object; mainly talk about yourself or ask questions of listeners.
- ～ができます gadekimasu Possible; is completed/appears. Talking about capacity and ability; It also means that a project/thing has been created.
- ～にします nishimasu Choose/decide to take…. Used when choosing dishes, options or deciding on a state.
- ～になります ninarimasu Become; so. Expresses a change in career, status or result.
- Vること vrukoto Work…. Nominalize an action so that it serves as a subject, object, or sentence element.
- Vることができます vrukotogadekimasu Can do…. Describes the capacity or condition that allows an action to be performed.
- Vるの vruno Work…; something used to…. Nounifying actions in speech, especially with 見る・聞く・好き・上手.
- ～ましょう mashou Let's…. Invite or suggest doing things together; can also express the will "let me...".
- Vましょうか vmashouka Shall I/we do…?. Offer to help or ask for ideas about working together.
- Vませんか vmasenka Are you… together?. Polite and gentle invitation; negative form but has a suggestive meaning.
- ～て～ te Do… then…; and…. Connect actions in sequence or in the same sequence of events.
- ～ています teimasu Are…; frequent…; in the state…. Describes an ongoing action, habit/occupation or resulting state.
- ～てから～ tekara After doing… then…. Emphasize that the second action occurs only after the first action is completed.
- ～てください tekudasai Please/please…. Request or instruct others to take action; basic politeness.
- ～ないでください naidekudasai Please don't…. Ask others not to take action.
- ～が、～ ga But…; also…. Connect two opposing ideas or use it to open a sentence, making the sentence softer.
- ～けど、～ kedo But…; but…. Informal expression of けれども, used for contrast or gentle introduction.
- ～けれど、～ keredo Although… but…. Connecting opposing ideas is more polite/neutral けど.
- ～。けれども、～ keredomo However; However. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence connect two opposing statements and are relatively formal.
- ～。しかし、～ shikashi However. Conjunctions of opposition are often used in formal writing or speech.
- ～。でも、～ demo But; however. Opposing conjunctions are often used in conversation.
- だから、～ dakara Therefore; so. Come at the beginning of the result sentence, based on the reason stated previously.
- そして、～ soshite And; Already; more. Supplement information or connect actions/events in the same direction.
- それから、～ sorekara Then; and also…. Connect actions in sequence or add one item after the previous one.
- ～。では、～ dewa Then; then. Move on to a decision, next step, or closure; Polite/neutral writing style.
- ～。それでは、～ sore dewa If so then; then. Based on previous information to make actions/conclusions; more polite than では／じゃ.
- ～。それじゃ、～ soreja Then; That's it. Informal speaking based on previous content to decide/change ideas.
- ～。じゃ、～ ja So; That's it. Very informal shortened form of では／それでは.
- ～は～より～ wa yori A … than B. Compare A with B, taking B as the standard.
- ～より～のほうが～ yori nohouga B … than A. Emphasize that side B has higher properties when compared to A.
- ～がいちばん～ gaichiban … most. Indicates the object with the highest degree in a group/range.
- ～と～とどちら～ to todochira Between A and B, which one is more…?. Choice/comparison question between two objects.
- ～は～が～ wa ga Regarding N1, then N2…. State a department, characteristic, interest or ability related to topic N1.
- ～あとで atode After…. Indicates an action that happens after an event or after the previous thing is completed.
- ～の前に no maeni Before…. State the action taken before another milestone or action.
- ～くらい kurai Approx; about. State the approximate quantity or extent; In conversation, you can use ぐらい.
- ～ぐらい gurai Approx; about. Common conversational variant of くらい, indicating an estimate.
- ～ごろ goro Around the time…. Indicates the approximate time on a clock, date or period.
- ～だけ dake Only; only. Neutral limit the scope or quantity.
- ～か～か～ ka ka A or B. List the options or indicate that you don't know which option to choose.
- あまり～ありません amari arimasen Not… very. Describes low level/frequency; usually must be used in the negative form.
- ぜんぜん～ (negative) zenzen negative Absolutely not…. Emphasizes zero or almost zero in standard N5 usage.
- ほとんど～ hotondo Almost none; most. With negative: almost not; with assertion: most/almost all.
- だいたい～ daitai Approx; general; most. Say an estimate or general understanding.
- たいてい～ taitei Normal; in most cases. State the habit that occurs with high frequency but not always.
- まあまあ～ maamaa It's okay; quite good. The rating is average-good, not excellent but acceptable.
- よく～ yoku Regularly; good/good. Indicates high frequency or good level depending on verb/context.
- まだ～ mada Still; still. Describes a state/action that has not ended and is still continuing.
- まだ～ません mada masen Not yet…. Describes something that is expected but has not happened/completed at the time of speaking.
- もう～ mou Already… already; more/more. With past tense indicates completed action; with quantity can mean extra.
- もうすぐ～ mousugu Soon; about to. Describes an event that will happen in the very near future.
- もっと～ motto Moreover; more. Request or describe the level of increase compared to the current level.
- すぐに～ suguni Immediately. The action happens without delay, right after a milestone.
- さっき～ sakki Just now; just now. Refers to a time very recently before speaking, usually with the past.
- だれ dare Who. From questioning and asking people; can go with particles according to their role in the sentence.
- だれか dareka Someone. Only one unidentified person; が/を can usually be omitted immediately after だれか.
- だれでも daredemo Anyone; everyone. There is no limit to who performs or is applied.
- だれも～ません daremo masen No one…. Negates all people in range.
- どこ doko Where; where. Ask for the location, destination, or place of action; Choose the auxiliary according to the verb.
- どこか dokoka Somewhere; somewhere. Refers to an unknown place; The particle が/を/へ can be omitted in some structures.
- どこでも dokodemo Anywhere; everywhere. Unlimited locations.
- どこにも～ません dokonimo masen Nowhere; nowhere. Negate existence/destination with the particle に.
- どこへも～ません dokoemo masen Going nowhere. Emphasize the direction/target of the transitive verb in the negative sentence.
- どこも～ません dokomo masen Nowhere…. Negating entire locations, often when evaluating/searching multiple locations.
- どちら dochira Which side; which of the two; where. Ask for a choice between the two or politely ask for direction/location.
- どなた donata Which position; ai (polite). A more polite way of asking someone だれ, often used with guests or superiors.
- どの dono What/who…. Interrogative words always come before nouns to select or identify an object.
- どれでも doredemo Anything is fine; any. Allows free selection within a group of objects.
- どんな donna What kind of…?. Ask about the nature, type or characteristics of a noun.
- なに nani What. Reading is often used before particles; ask about things or content.
- なにか nanika Something; something. Refers to an unspecified object/content; を/が can often be combed.
- なにも～ません nanimo masen Nothing… anything. Negate all related things/actions.
- なん nan What; how many (reading なん of 何). Used before です, の and many counting words like 時・人・枚.
- なんで nande Why; equal to what. In conversation, ask for reasons or means depending on the context.
- なんでも nandemo Anything; anything. No restrictions on objects or content.
- ～なんと言いますか nanto iimasuka What do … say/call?. Ask about words or how to call something in a language.
- ～どう言いますか dou iimasuka How to say…?. Ask how to express an idea/sentence in specific language.
- ～どうしますか doushimasuka What will be done?; decide?. Ask the listener's actions, plans, or options.
- ～どうですか doudesuka … how?; … so what?. Ask for feelings, status or make suggestions.
- どうやって douyatte How; how. Ask for methods or steps to take action.
- ～とき toki When; at. Refers to the time when a state or action occurs.
- ときどき tokidoki Sometimes. Indicates irregular but recurring frequency.
- いつも itsumo Always; always. Describes an almost unchanged habit or state.
- いつでも itsudemo Anytime. No time limit; Usually used when giving permission or showing readiness.
- いつか itsuka Someday; sometime. Refers to an unspecified time in the future or past depending on the context.
- いくつ ikutsu What; how much; How old are you. Ask about the number of things in general or their age in an informal way.
- ～にあげます niagemasu For; donate. The speaker or the speaker's side gives another person an object/benefit.
- ～にもらいます nimoraimasu Received from…. The subject receives something or benefit from another person.
- ～からもらいます karamoraimasu Received from…. Emphasize the source; Especially natural for companies, schools, and organizations.
- ～が私にくれます ga watashinikuremasu Someone for me/my side…. Used when others give things or do things that benefit the speaker/speaker's relatives.
- ～いかがですか ikagadesuka … how is it?; Use… okay?. Ask for advice or invite/recommend politely.
- こちら kochira This side; this place; this person. The polite way of ここ/こっち; Also used to introduce people nearby.
- そちら sochira That side; your place; that person. The polite form of そこ/そっち, indicates the side near the listener or the listener's organization.
- ～はたいへんです wa taihen desu … strenuous/difficult. Evaluate a job, situation, or activity that requires a lot of effort.
- ～たり、～たりします tari tarishimasu Which is… which is…. List some typical actions, not necessarily in order or completeness.
- ～あります arimasu Yes; exist; organized. Used for inanimate objects, plants, events; also says possessive or schedule.
- ～から、～ kara Because… so…. Put after reason; The latter is result, decision, suggestion or request.
- ～からです karadesu It's because…. Used to answer the question なぜ／どうして or state the reason after the conclusion.