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Kiểm tra bài cũ
Đề kiểm tra nội dung Session 11 · 家族・人① · 家族・人②. Đúng từ 80% trở lên thì mở được buổi học hôm nay. Sai thì làm lại ngay, không phải chờ.
Hiểu nghĩa, cách nối và tự đặt câu ngắn.
Grammar of this session 文法 1課
10 patterns · mẫu đang học được tô vàng ngay trong câu ví dụ
1課 10 patterns
- ～は wa 文法Auxiliary は: marks the topic “about/about…”. Placed after the topic the speaker wants to state information about; write は but read わ.接続：N は ～です／N は VますAuxiliary は: marks the topic “about/about…”. Placed after the topic the speaker wants to state information about; write は but read わ.注意 / Note：Not to be confused with が: は states the subject/contrast, while が usually identifies or emphasizes the subject.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say “about A…” or contrast A with B
Wonder: Am I setting the subject or am I pointing to the right person/thing?
Avoid: Do not use it to reply directly だれが／なにが
Tip to remember: If you look at Vietnamese and see "con/about...", think of は
Check again: Take away A, is the rest information about A?私は会社員です。I am a company employee.京都は秋がきれいです。Kyoto is beautiful in autumn.この電車は大阪へ行きます。This train goes to Osaka. - ～も mo 文法Also, also. Used when information about N is the same as the previously mentioned object; often replaces は/が/を.接続：N も ～です／N も VますAlso, also. Used when information about N is the same as the previously mentioned object; often replaces は/が/を.注意 / Note：Do not use はも; も is often a direct substitute for は, が or を.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Add a person/thing with the same information as mentioned
Wonder: Does it mean “also” instead of は／が／を?
Avoid: Do not concatenate to はも in the base template
Tip to remember: も often replaces the particle after the noun
Check again: If も is removed, does the sentence repeat the same information as the previous sentence?田中さんは先生です。山田さんも先生です。Mr. Tanaka is a teacher. Mr. Yamada is also a teacher.私もベトナム人です。I am also Vietnamese.日曜日も仕事があります。I also have work on Sunday. - ～が ga 文法Mark the subject; emphasizes who/what. Use with new information, who/what questions, natural phenomena, abilities and interests.接続：N が V／N が AdjMark the subject; emphasizes who/what. Use with new information, who/what questions, natural phenomena, abilities and interests.注意 / Note：は state a known topic; が indicates or emphasizes the subject.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Identify who/what is the new subject or answer
Wonder: The question is だれが／なにが／どれが?
Avoid: Don't use just to state a familiar topic
Tip to remember: Answers to frequently used subject-subject question words が
Check again: Read the question: ask “who did it?” The answer is usually attached がだれが来ますか。田中さんが来ます。Who will come? Mr. Tanaka will come.猫が庭にいます。There is a cat in the garden.どの料理がいちばん好きですか。Which dish do you like the most? - ～を wo 文法Marks the direct object of the action. Placed after the thing/person affected by the verb; を is read as お.接続：N を VMarks the direct object of the action. Placed after the thing/person affected by the verb; を is read as お.注意 / Note：For the place where the action takes place, use で; を can also refer to a route with 歩く／渡る.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say “what to do with what”
Wonder: Do nouns take direct action?
Avoid: Don't use it where the action takes place
Tip to remember: Ask “what does the verb affect?” → を
Check again: Try translating "what to read, what to buy, what to eat"毎朝、新聞を読みます。Every morning I read the newspaper.駅で友達を待ちます。I'm waiting for you at the station.毎晩、音楽を聞きます。Every night I listen to music. - ～に ni 文法In, come, give; at the point of existence. Refers to a specific time, destination, recipient, purpose, or location with あります／います.接続：Time／destination／recipient に VIn, come, give; at the point of existence. Refers to a specific time, destination, recipient, purpose, or location with あります／います.注意 / Note：Do not use に with 今日・毎日; where commonly used actions are performed で.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say destination, specific time, recipient or place of existence
Wonder: Is the noun a destination, a time stamp, a recipient, or a location?
Avoid: Don't use it where the action is taking place
Tip to remember: Landing point/receiving point/existence point → に
Check again: With location, ask: “go/be there” or “do there”?七時に起きて、学校に行きます。I wake up at 7 o'clock and go to school.三月に日本へ来ました。I went to Japan in March.先生に質問をしました。I asked the teacher a question. - ～で de 文法At, by, by. Refers to the place where the action occurs, the means, tools, language or materials.接続：Place／means／raw materials で VAt, by, by. Refers to the place where the action occurs, the means, tools, language or materials.注意 / Note：に indicates destination/existence; で indicates the place where the action takes place.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say where the action happens, the means, the tools
Wonder: Is there an action going on at this place?
Avoid: Don't use あります／います to say a location exists
Tip to remember: “What to make, where to make it” → で
Check again: Replacing location with "by bus" still makes sense → で図書館で日本語を勉強します。I study Japanese at the library.箸でうどんを食べます。I eat udon with chopsticks.公園で子どもが遊んでいます。Children are playing in the park. - ～と to 文法With; and; that. Only co-workers, complete list, or highlight cited content.接続：N と V／A と BWith; and; that. Only co-workers, complete list, or highlight cited content.注意 / Note：と full list; や only lists representatives.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Talk to someone, list everything, or quote what you said
Wonder: Does it mean “with”, “and”, or “that”?
Avoid: Don't use と when just giving a few examples
Tip to remember: List close/one person working together → と
Check again: If there are too many items left, select や／など日曜日、家族と買い物に行きます。Sunday I go shopping with my family.兄と大阪に住んでいます。I live in Osaka with my brother.パンと牛乳を買いました。I bought bread and milk. - ～の no 文法Of; belong; used to modify nouns. N1 explains the possession, type, origin, content or relation of N2.接続：N1 の N2Of; belong; used to modify nouns. N1 explains the possession, type, origin, content or relation of N2.注意 / Note：The order is different from Vietnamese: the modifier comes before the main noun.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Join nouns for possession, type, origin or relation
Wonder: Is N1 modifying N2?
Avoid: Don't reverse the order like Vietnamese
Tip to remember: The explanatory element comes before の, the main noun comes after
Check again: Read from right to left: N2 “of/belongs to” N1これは日本語の辞書です。This is a Japanese dictionary.これは妹の傘です。This is my sister's umbrella.東京の会社で働いています。I work at a company in Tokyo. - ～や～など～ ya nado 文法What is…, …etc.. List a few representative examples, implying there are others.接続：N1 や N2 などWhat is…, …etc.. List a few representative examples, implying there are others.注意 / Note：と is the complete list; や／など is an endless list.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: List some representative examples
Wonder: Could there be other things on the list?
Avoid: Don't use it when you need to list everything
Tip to remember: や is “as if”, など reminds the listener that there is another item
Check again: After the list, you can add “etc.” in Vietnamese?机の上に本やノートなどがあります。On the table there are books, notebooks and other things.かばんに財布や鍵などを入れました。I put my wallet, keys and other things in my bag.週末は掃除や洗濯などをします。On weekends I clean, do laundry and do other things. - ～から～まで kara made 文法From… to…. State the starting and ending points in time or space; Each part can be used separately.接続：N／time から N／time までFrom… to…. State the starting and ending points in time or space; Each part can be used separately.注意 / Note：まで is “to”; までに is “at the latest before the deadline”.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State the distance from point A to point B
Wonder: Is there both a start and an end?
Avoid: Don't confuse まで with までに “slowest”
Tip to remember: から opening, まで closing approx
Check again: Read by arrow: A から → B まで銀行は九時から三時までです。The bank is open from 9am to 3pm.大阪から京都まで電車で行きます。I took the train from Osaka to Kyoto.昼休みは十二時から一時までです。Lunch break is from 12:00 to 1:00.
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