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Kiểm tra bài cũ
Đề kiểm tra nội dung Session 71 · 名詞 · 疑問詞・接続詞 · あいさつなど. Đúng từ 80% trở lên thì mở được buổi học hôm nay. Sai thì làm lại ngay, không phải chờ.
Hiểu nghĩa, cách nối và tự đặt câu ngắn.
Grammar of this session 文法 9課・10課
12 patterns · mẫu đang học được tô vàng ngay trong câu ví dụ
9課・10課 12 patterns
- ～にあげます niagemasu 文法For; donate. The speaker or the speaker's side gives another person an object/benefit.接続：Receiver に object を あげますFor; donate. The speaker or the speaker's side gives another person an object/benefit.注意 / Note：Do not use あげます when your superiors give it to you; when someone lets me use くれます.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Tell yourself/your side to others
Wonder: Perspective is a free giver?
Avoid: Don't use くれる when the recipient is not your side
Tip to remember: Giver が, receiver に, object をあげる
Check again: Draw an arrow going away from “I” → あげる私は妹に本をあげました。I gave my sister a book.子どもにお菓子をあげました。I gave the child candy.同僚に旅行のお土産をあげます。I gave my colleagues a travel gift. - ～にもらいます nimoraimasu 文法Received from…. The subject receives something or benefit from another person.接続：The person who gives に things を もらいますReceived from…. The subject receives something or benefit from another person.注意 / Note：You can use から instead of に; For organizations, it is more natural to use から.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say you/your side receives it from others
Wonder: Is the perspective the recipient?
Avoid: Don't use くれる if the subject is the recipient
Tip to remember: Recipient が, donor に／から, object をもらう
Check again: Draw an arrow entering “I” → もらう私は先生に辞書をもらいました。I received a dictionary from the teacher.誕生日に父に時計をもらいました。On my birthday I received a watch from my father.隣の人に野菜をもらいました。I received vegetables from my neighbor. - ～からもらいます karamoraimasu 文法Received from…. Emphasize the source; Especially natural for companies, schools, and organizations.接続：Person／organization から thing を もらいますReceived from…. Emphasize the source; Especially natural for companies, schools, and organizations.注意 / Note：The donor can use に or から; Organizations typically do not use に in the receipt form.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say received from an organization/source
Wonder: Is the source a company, school, bank, or agency?
Avoid: Don't prioritize に when you just want to press power
Tip to remember: Source + からもらう
Check again: The organization does not “give directly” → から naturally会社からパソコンをもらいました。I received the computer from the company.市役所から案内をもらいました。I received instructions from the city hall.銀行から新しいカードをもらいました。I received a new card from the bank. - ～が私にくれます ga watashinikuremasu 文法Someone for me/my side…. Used when others give things or do things that benefit the speaker/speaker's relatives.接続：You give が 私／to me に things を くれますSomeone for me/my side…. Used when others give things or do things that benefit the speaker/speaker's relatives.注意 / Note：あげます viewed from the donor's perspective; くれます look at the action towards me/towards me.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say someone for me/my team
Wonder: Is the recipient me or someone on my side?
Avoid: Don't use it when talking neutrally about two bystanders
Tip to remember: The giver が, my side に, the thing をくれる
Check again: Arrow pointing towards “I/we” → くれる友達が私に日本のお菓子をくれました。You gave me Japanese sweets.姉が私にかばんをくれました。My sister gave me a bag.先生が弟に本をくれました。The teacher gave my younger brother a book. - ～いかがですか ikagadesuka 文法… how is it?; Use… okay?. Ask for advice or invite/recommend politely.接続：N はいかがですか／N はいかがでしょうか… how is it?; Use… okay?. Ask for advice or invite/recommend politely.注意 / Note：どうですか neutral; いかがですか is more polite.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Politely ask/invite “how is it?”
Wonder: Tell the guest/person above or want to invite politely?
Avoid: Don't use a friendly tone with friends if you don't need to
Tip to remember: いかがですか = more polite than どうですか
Check again: Restaurant/service/invite guests → いかがですかコーヒーはいかがですか。Would you like some coffee?/How is the coffee?デザートはいかがですか。Would you like to have dessert?お部屋の温度はいかがですか。What's the room temperature? - こちら kochira 文法This side; this place; this person. The polite way of ここ/こっち; Also used to introduce people nearby.接続：こちらです／こちらのNThis side; this place; this person. The polite way of ここ/こっち; Also used to introduce people nearby.注意 / Note：これ refers to objects; こちら can politely indicate a direction, place or person.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Point to this side/person politely
Wonder: Point to a place/direction/person near you?
Avoid: Don't use これ if you're politely indicating a location/direction
Tip to remember: こちら = ここ／この方 polite
Check again: Ask “is it an object or a direction/person?” if direction/person → こちら受付はこちらです。The reception desk is on this side.こちらは担当の山田です。This is Mr. Yamada, the person in charge.どうぞこちらへお入りください。Please come this way. - そちら sochira 文法That side; your place; that person. The polite form of そこ/そっち, indicates the side near the listener or the listener's organization.接続：そちらです／そちらのNThat side; your place; that person. The polite form of そこ/そっち, indicates the side near the listener or the listener's organization.注意 / Note：あちら indicates the far side of both; こちら is the speaker's side.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Only your side or that place is polite
Wonder: Only the side near their audience/organization?
Avoid: Don't use こちら if it's on the speaker's side
Tip to remember: そちら = そこ／そちら様
Check again: On the phone, “by your side” → そちらそちらは今、何時ですか。What time is it where you are now?資料をそちらへ送りました。I have sent the documents to you.そちらの会社は何時からですか。What time does your company start? - ～はたいへんです wa taihen desu 文法… strenuous/difficult. Evaluate a job, situation, or activity that requires a lot of effort.接続：N／Vるの は たいへんです… strenuous/difficult. Evaluate a job, situation, or activity that requires a lot of effort.注意 / Note：たいへん may be “very” in たいへんおいしい but this form is a painstaking assessment.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Evaluate a task as difficult/difficult
Wonder: Is the topic an effortful activity/situation?
Avoid: Don't understand たいへん just as “very”
Tip to remember: N／Vるのはたいへんです
Check again: Feeling tired/difficult after "work..." → たいへん毎日早く起きるのはたいへんです。Waking up early every day is difficult.外国で働くのはたいへんです。Working abroad is hard.この荷物を一人で運ぶのはたいへんです。Moving this luggage alone is very difficult. - ～たり、～たりします tari tarishimasu 文法Which is… which is…. List some typical actions, not necessarily in order or completeness.接続：Vた + り、Vた + りしますWhich is… which is…. List some typical actions, not necessarily in order or completeness.注意 / Note：Even when speaking present/future, the verb before り is still in the form た; is located at します.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: List some typical activities
Wonder: Want to say do this, do that, etc. Are not?
Avoid: Don't use it to tell the exact order
Tip to remember: Vた + り、Vた + りします
Check again: Even now/future, before り is still た日曜日は掃除したり、買い物したりします。On Sunday, I clean and shop.夏休みは海で泳いだり、山に登ったりしました。My summer vacation is swimming in the ocean and climbing mountains.電車では本を読んだり、音楽を聞いたりします。On the train, I sometimes read books and sometimes listen to music. - ～あります arimasu 文法Yes; exist; organized. Used for inanimate objects, plants, events; also says possessive or schedule.接続：N が／は ありますYes; exist; organized. Used for inanimate objects, plants, events; also says possessive or schedule.注意 / Note：People/animals use います; commonly used action/event あります.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Speak about the existence of objects, trees, events
Wonder: Is the subject inanimate, a tree or an event?
Avoid: Do not use on humans/animals
Tip to remember: N が／はあります
Check again: Human/animal → います; event/meeting → あります来週、学校で試験があります。Next week there is an exam at school.午後、会社で会議があります。In the afternoon there is a meeting at the company.庭に大きな木があります。In the garden there is a big tree. - ～から、～ kara 文法Because… so…. Put after reason; The latter is result, decision, suggestion or request.接続：Reason clause から、resultBecause… so…. Put after reason; The latter is result, decision, suggestion or request.注意 / Note：だから comes at the beginning of the result sentence; から attaches directly to the reason clause.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State the reason and then the result in the same sentence
Wonder: Does the reason come before the result in one sentence?
Avoid: Don't put だから after reason as a suffix
Tip to remember: Reason clause + から、result
Check again: The question “why?” can be immediately connected with から寒いですから、窓を閉めてください。Vì trời lạnh nên hãy đóng cửa sổ.時間がありませんから、タクシーで行きます。Because I didn't have time, I took a taxi.体にいいですから、毎日野菜を食べます。Because it's good for my health, I eat vegetables every day. - ～からです karadesu 文法It's because…. Used to answer the question なぜ／どうして or state the reason after the conclusion.接続：Result／comment。理由 + からですIt's because…. Used to answer the question なぜ／どうして or state the reason after the conclusion.注意 / Note：からです end the sentence explaining the reason; だからです is not attached directly to the verb.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Answer or end the sentence with a reason
Wonder: Replying to なぜ／どうして?
Avoid: Don't use だからです after the verb form
Tip to remember: Regular form + からです
Check again: End the sentence “because…” → からですどうして日本語を勉強しますか。日本で働きたいからです。Why do you learn Japanese? Because I want to work in Japan.今日は店が休みだからです。Là vì hôm nay cửa hàng nghỉ.電車が遅れたからです。It's because the train is late.
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