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Kiểm tra bài cũ
Đề kiểm tra nội dung Session 44 · 家・建物 · 自然. Đúng từ 80% trở lên thì mở được buổi học hôm nay. Sai thì làm lại ngay, không phải chờ.
Hiểu nghĩa, cách nối và tự đặt câu ngắn.
Grammar of this session 文法 6課
12 patterns · mẫu đang học được tô vàng ngay trong câu ví dụ
6課 12 patterns
- ～は～より～ wa yori 文法A … than B. Compare A with B, taking B as the standard.接続：A は B より AdjA … than B. Compare A with B, taking B as the standard.注意 / Note：Topic order A comes before は, comparison standard B comes before より.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Compare A is superior to B in one characteristic
Wonder: Want to press A for more?
Avoid: Don't use it for "A is not equal to B", use ほど...ない
Tip to remember: A は B より Adj
Check again: Arrow from B (standard) to A (more)東京は大阪より人が多いです。Tokyo is more crowded than Osaka.新幹線は普通電車より速いです。Shinkansen is faster than regular trains.今年の夏は去年より暑いです。This summer is hotter than last year. - ～より～のほうが～ yori nohouga 文法B … than A. Emphasize that side B has higher properties when compared to A.接続：A より B のほうが AdjB … than A. Emphasize that side B has higher properties when compared to A.注意 / Note：Don't invert the meaning: the object after より is standard; after のほうが is the side that is rated higher.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Compare B is higher than A and want to press B
Wonder: Is the answer determining “which side is better”?
Avoid: Don't overuse negative sentences
Tip to remember: A より B のほうが Adj
Check again: After のほうが is the higher rated side肉より魚のほうが好きです。I like fish more than meat.バスより自転車のほうが便利です。Bicycles are more convenient than buses.赤より青のほうが好きです。I like blue more than red. - ～がいちばん～ gaichiban 文法… most. Indicates the object with the highest degree in a group/range.接続：Group／range で N がいちばん Adj… most. Indicates the object with the highest degree in a group/range.注意 / Note：Superlatives use が, commonly used ranges で／の中で.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Most said in a range
Wonder: Is there a group/range for comparison?
Avoid: Don't forget to state the scope when it's easy to get ambiguous
Tip to remember: Group で／の中で N がいちばん
Check again: Ask “in which group?” before saying いちばん果物の中で、りんごがいちばん好きです。Among fruits, I like apples the most.クラスでマイさんがいちばん若いです。In class, Mai is the youngest.日本料理では、すしがいちばん有名です。In Japanese cuisine, sushi is the most famous. - ～と～とどちら～ to todochira 文法Between A and B, which one is more…?. Choice/comparison question between two objects.接続：A と B と、どちらが Adj ですかBetween A and B, which one is more…?. Choice/comparison question between two objects.注意 / Note：With three or more objects, use どれ／だれ／どこがいちばん.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Ask between two options
Wonder: Are there only two main options?
Avoid: Don't use どちら for multiple options if you want clarity
Tip to remember: A と B と、どちらが…
Check again: Two options → どちら, three or more → どれ日本語と英語と、どちらが難しいですか。Between Japanese and English, which language is more difficult?犬と猫と、どちらが好きですか。Between dogs and cats, which one do you like?大阪と東京と、どちらが人が多いですか。Between Osaka and Tokyo, which place is more crowded? - ～は～が～ wa ga 文法Regarding N1, then N2…. State a department, characteristic, interest or ability related to topic N1.接続：N1 は N2 が Adj／ありますRegarding N1, then N2…. State a department, characteristic, interest or ability related to topic N1.注意 / Note：N1 is the overall topic, N2 is the subject/characteristic within the sentence.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State the characteristics/parts/capabilities of the topic
Wonder: N1 is the whole, N2 is a feature belonging to N1?
Avoid: Don't replace が with を with 上手・好き
Tip to remember: N1 は N2 が Adj
Check again: Ask “about N1, which part/property?”象は鼻が長いです。Elephants have long trunks.このホテルは部屋が広いです。This hotel has spacious rooms.私は頭が痛いです。I have a headache. - ～あとで atode 文法After…. Indicates an action that happens after an event or after the previous thing is completed.接続：N のあとで／VたあとでAfter…. Indicates an action that happens after an event or after the previous thing is completed.注意 / Note：With verbs, you must use the form た: 食べたあとで; 前に uses the dictionary form.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say B happened after A was completed
Wonder: Is A a noun or a verb done?
Avoid: Don't use Vるあとで
Tip to remember: Nのあとで／Vたあとで
Check again: Once done → Vた仕事のあとで、友達に会います。After work, I meet my friends.授業のあとで、図書館へ行きます。After class, I go to the library.買い物をしたあとで、財布がないことに気づきました。After shopping, I realized I couldn't find my wallet. - ～の前に no maeni 文法Before…. State the action taken before another milestone or action.接続：N の前に／Vる前にBefore…. State the action taken before another milestone or action.注意 / Note：With verbs, use the dictionary form even if the sentence is in the past: 寝る前に.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say B happened before A
Wonder: Has A not happened yet at time B?
Avoid: Don't use Vた前に
Tip to remember: Nの前に／Vる前に
Check again: Before A happens → Vる寝る前に、歯を磨きます。Before sleeping, I brush my teeth.食事の前に、手を洗いましょう。Before meals, wash your hands.駅へ行く前に、切符を予約しました。Before going to the station, I booked a ticket. - ～くらい kurai 文法Approx; about. State the approximate quantity or extent; In conversation, you can use ぐらい.接続：Quantity／time くらいApprox; about. State the approximate quantity or extent; In conversation, you can use ぐらい.注意 / Note：ごろ used for a moment in time; くらい is used for an extended amount/time.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say approximate amount, duration, or degree
Wonder: Are you asking/answering “how much, how long, what size”?
Avoid: Don't use ごろ for duration
Tip to remember: Quantity + くらい
Check again: Hours lasting → くらい, not ごろ毎日一時間くらい勉強します。Every day I study for about an hour.ここから駅まで二十分くらいです。From here to the station it takes about 20 minutes.参加者は五十人くらいでした。There were about 50 participants. - ～ぐらい gurai 文法Approx; about. Common conversational variant of くらい, indicating an estimate.接続：Quantity／time ぐらいApprox; about. Common conversational variant of くらい, indicating an estimate.注意 / Note：The basic meaning is the same as くらい; Do not use ごろ for duration.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Speak approximately in oral language
Wonder: Do you want to "space" naturally in conversation?
Avoid: Don't think ぐらい has a fundamentally different meaning from くらい
Tip to remember: くらい and ぐらい are almost interchangeable
Check again: Choose one method and use it consistently in the same sentence駅まで十分ぐらいかかります。Getting to the station takes about 10 minutes.日本に三年ぐらい住んでいます。I lived in Japan for about three years.りんごを十個ぐらい買いました。I bought about 10 apples. - ～ごろ goro 文法Around the time…. Indicates the approximate time on a clock, date or period.接続：Time ごろAround the time…. Indicates the approximate time on a clock, date or period.注意 / Note：七時ごろ = approximately at 7 o'clock; 七時間くらい = about 7 hours.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say an approximate date
Wonder: Are you saying “around what time/day”?
Avoid: Don't use for “about three hours”
Tip to remember: Timeline + ごろ
Check again: You can answer with “at…” → ごろ七時ごろ家に帰ります。Around 7 o'clock I came home.会議は三時ごろ終わります。The meeting ended about 3 hours.桜は三月末ごろ咲きます。Cherry blossoms bloom around the end of March. - ～だけ dake 文法Only; only. Neutral limit the scope or quantity.接続：N／số lượng だけOnly; only. Neutral limit the scope or quantity.注意 / Note：しか is accompanied by negatives and is often emphasized little/not enough; だけ can go with affirmative.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Neutral limit “only”
Wonder: Do you want to limit the sentence but still make the statement?
Avoid: Not to be confused with しか…ない
Tip to remember: だけ goes with affirmation or negation
Check again: The statement “only” → だけ is very safe今日は水だけ飲みました。Today I only drink water.この部屋は学生だけ使えます。Only students can use this room.あと五分だけ待ってください。Please wait just 5 more minutes. - ～か～か～ ka ka 文法A or B. List the options or indicate that you don't know which option to choose.接続：A か B かA or B. List the options or indicate that you don't know which option to choose.注意 / Note：Direct questions Aですか、Bですか are fine; AかBか can be in a larger sentence.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State your choice A or B
Wonder: Are there two undecided possibilities?
Avoid: Don't use と if you mean "or"
Tip to remember: A か B か
Check again: Vietnamese has the word "good" → think か電車で行くか、バスで行くか、決めてください。Decide whether to take the train or the bus.行くか行かないか、今日決めます。Today I will decide whether to go or not.コーヒーかお茶か選んでください。Choose coffee or tea.
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