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Kiểm tra bài cũ
Đề kiểm tra nội dung Session 38 · 数量・程度 · 町・交通① · 町・交通②. Đúng từ 80% trở lên thì mở được buổi học hôm nay. Sai thì làm lại ngay, không phải chờ.
Hiểu nghĩa, cách nối và tự đặt câu ngắn.
Grammar of this session 文法 5課
13 patterns · mẫu đang học được tô vàng ngay trong câu ví dụ
5課 13 patterns
- ～が、～ ga 文法But…; also…. Connect two opposing ideas or use it to open a sentence, making the sentence softer.接続：Polite clause が、clauseBut…; also…. Connect two opposing ideas or use it to open a sentence, making the sentence softer.注意 / Note：が at the end of the introduction may not carry opposition: すみませんが…使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Contrast or open a polite conversation
Wonder: Are the two sides contrary to expectations?
Avoid: Don't use just to list more information
Tip to remember: が follows the polite form as a soft sentence
Check again: “Sorry but…” → すみませんが is very commonこの店は安いですが、おいしいです。This restaurant is cheap but delicious.日本語は難しいですが、毎日楽しいです。Japanese is difficult but studying every day is fun.すみませんが、駅はどこですか。Excuse me, where is the station? - ～けど、～ kedo 文法But…; but…. Informal expression of けれども, used for contrast or gentle introduction.接続：Regular form + けど、～But…; but…. Informal expression of けれども, used for contrast or gentle introduction.注意 / Note：With nouns/な-adjectives, だけど is often used; けど is more about conversation.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Talk about intimate contrasts
Wonder: Are you chatting every day with friends?
Avoid: Do not use in formal letters
Tip to remember: けど soft, short, very conversational
Check again: If you want to leave a statement at the end of the sentence, けど is also naturalこの服は好きだけど、少し高い。I like this outfit but it's a bit expensive.今日は休みだけど、会社へ行く。Today is off but I still go to the company.このカメラは古いけど、よく写る。This camera is old but takes good photos. - ～けれど、～ keredo 文法Although… but…. Connecting opposing ideas is more polite/neutral けど.接続：Regular form + けれど、～Although… but…. Connecting opposing ideas is more polite/neutral けど.注意 / Note：けど more intimate; けれども more complete and slightly more formal.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Speak in neutral/polite contrasts
Wonder: Need to be more polite than けど but not too written?
Avoid: Don't use けれど after every word and forget to divide the form
Tip to remember: けれど connects two complete clauses
Check again: Polite speech: けど → けれど日本語は難しいけれど、おもしろいです。Japanese is difficult but interesting.小さいけれど、使いやすいかばんです。This is a small bag but easy to use.雨が降っているけれど、散歩したいです。Even though it's raining, I still want to go for a walk. - ～。けれども、～ keredomo 文法However; However. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence connect two opposing statements and are relatively formal.接続：Verse 1。けれども、sentence 2However; However. Conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence connect two opposing statements and are relatively formal.注意 / Note：In spoken language, でも is often used; しかし more formal and stiff.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Open a new sentence with a polite “however.”
Wonder: Is there a clear contrast between the two independent sentences?
Avoid: Don't overdo it in intimate conversations
Tip to remember: けれども is more formal than けど
Check again: After the dot, want to change the meaning → けれどもこの店は便利です。けれども、値段が高いです。This store is convenient. However, the price is high.毎日練習しました。けれども、試合に負けました。I practice every day. However, he still lost the match.駅に近いです。けれども、家賃が高いです。House near station. However the rent is high. - ～。しかし、～ shikashi 文法However. Conjunctions of opposition are often used in formal writing or speech.接続：Verse 1。しかし、sentence 2However. Conjunctions of opposition are often used in formal writing or speech.注意 / Note：でも intimate; しかし is more formal and usually comes at the beginning of a sentence.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State strong opposition in writing/reporting
Wonder: Are you writing an explanation, report or announcement?
Avoid: Don't use too much when chatting with friends
Tip to remember: しかし comes at the beginning of the new sentence
Check again: The nuance “however” is clearer and harder than でも薬を飲みました。しかし、まだ熱があります。I took medicine. However, the fever is still there.道は簡単でした。しかし、時間がかかりました。Simple path. However it takes a lot of time.何度も確認しました。しかし、間違いがありました。I have checked many times. However, there are still errors. - ～。でも、～ demo 文法But; however. Opposing conjunctions are often used in conversation.接続：Verse 1。でも、sentence 2But; however. Opposing conjunctions are often used in conversation.注意 / Note：Do not use でも to connect directly after a clause like an auxiliary; When connecting directly, use が／けど.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Say “but” naturally in conversation
Wonder: Are you speaking informally or in short sentences?
Avoid: Don't put でも between two clauses like an auxiliary
Tip to remember: Definitely start a new sentence
Check again: Break the sentence then “でも、…”行きたいです。でも、今日は仕事です。I want to go. But today I have to work.この靴がほしいです。でも、お金が足りません。I want these shoes. But not enough money.彼は日本人です。でも、納豆が苦手です。He is Japanese. But don't like natto. - だから、～ dakara 文法Therefore; so. Come at the beginning of the result sentence, based on the reason stated previously.接続：Reason。だから、resultTherefore; so. Come at the beginning of the result sentence, based on the reason stated previously.注意 / Note：から attached to the end of the reason clause; だから is the conjunction at the beginning of the following sentence.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: State the result after a stated reason
Wonder: Reason in the previous sentence and now say the result?
Avoid: Don't attach だから after a clause like から
Tip to remember: だから opens the result clause/sentence
Check again: “So” at the beginning of the second sentence → だから明日は試験です。だから、今晩勉強します。Tomorrow there is an exam. So tonight I will study.今日は給料日です。だから、外食します。Today is salary day. So I go out to eat.道が混んでいました。だから、遅れました。East road. So I'm late. - そして、～ soshite 文法And; Already; more. Supplement information or connect actions/events in the same direction.接続：Verse 1。そして、sentence 2And; Already; more. Supplement information or connect actions/events in the same direction.注意 / Note：それから more often presses chronological order; そして is more about supplementation/linkage.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Add another piece of information in the same direction
Wonder: The following idea is supplementary, not a cause or a mandatory order?
Avoid: Do not use for opposing relationships
Tip to remember: そして = and more
Check again: Two comments in the same direction → そしてこの町は静かです。そして、きれいです。This town is quiet. And beautiful too.彼女は英語ができます。そして、中国語も話せます。She knows English. Furthermore, he can speak Chinese.部屋は広いです。そして、とても明るいです。Large room. And still very bright. - それから、～ sorekara 文法Then; and also…. Connect actions in sequence or add one item after the previous one.接続：Verse 1。それから、sentence 2Then; and also…. Connect actions in sequence or add one item after the previous one.注意 / Note：そして can indicate addition; それから often expresses “afterwards”.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Tell the next step over time
Wonder: Does B come after A in sequence?
Avoid: Don't use it when just adding a property
Tip to remember: それから = then
Check again: The story has a timeline → それから朝ご飯を食べます。それから、学校へ行きます。I eat breakfast. Then go to school.駅で切符を買いました。それから、電車に乗りました。I bought a ticket at the station. Then get on the train.宿題をしました。それから、ゲームをしました。I do my homework. Then play the game. - ～。では、～ dewa 文法Then; then. Move on to a decision, next step, or closure; Polite/neutral writing style.接続：Sentence。では、～Then; then. Move on to a decision, next step, or closure; Polite/neutral writing style.注意 / Note：じゃ is an informal conversation; それでは more complete and polite.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Politely move on to the next step/suggestion
Wonder: Have you finished an idea and are ready to move on?
Avoid: Don't use it in too intimate chat if you don't need it
Tip to remember: では = then, short and polite
Check again: Meeting/class: “then let's start” → では説明は終わりました。では、練習しましょう。The explanation is done. Then practice.質問はありませんね。では、次へ進みます。There's no question. So move on to the next part.では、結果を説明します。So let me explain the results. - ～。それでは、～ sore dewa 文法If so then; then. Based on previous information to make actions/conclusions; more polite than では／じゃ.接続：Sentence。それでは、～If so then; then. Based on previous information to make actions/conclusions; more polite than では／じゃ.注意 / Note：それじゃ／じゃ more intimate.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Change ideas based on what is just unified and more formal
Wonder: Want to be more polite and complete では?
Avoid: Don't use close friends in every sentence
Tip to remember: それでは = if so then
Check again: End a section then move on to a new section → それでは皆さんそろいましたね。それでは、会議を始めます。Everyone is present, right? Then let the meeting begin.準備ができましたね。それでは、出発しましょう。Are you ready? Then let's start.それでは、また来週お会いしましょう。Then see you next week. - ～。それじゃ、～ soreja 文法Then; That's it. Informal speaking based on previous content to decide/change ideas.接続：Sentence。それじゃ、～Then; That's it. Informal speaking based on previous content to decide/change ideas.注意 / Note：More formal than using それでは; Even shorter is じゃ.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Communicate intimate thoughts with acquaintances
Wonder: Can you speak naturally like with friends?
Avoid: Don't use formal emails/presentations
Tip to remember: それじゃ is the informal form of それでは
Check again: Think “so” → それじゃもう遅いね。それじゃ、帰ろう。It's late, isn't it? Then let's go home.明日は六時に集合ね。それじゃ、おやすみ。Let's meet tomorrow at 6 o'clock. So good night.それじゃ、この店にしよう。Then choose this restaurant. - ～。じゃ、～ ja 文法So; That's it. Very informal shortened form of では／それでは.接続：Sentence。じゃ、～So; That's it. Very informal shortened form of では／それでは.注意 / Note：Not suitable for formal documents or situations.使い分け / How to choose quickly：Use when: Very short and intimate exchange of ideas
Wonder: Is the situation completely casual?
Avoid: Do not use with guests/superiors
Tip to remember: じゃ is a shortened form of では
Check again: If you can use "so" in Vietnamese, じゃ is appropriateじゃ、駅で会いましょう。Then let's meet at the station.じゃ、あとで電話するね。So I'll call later.じゃ、コーヒーを二つお願いします。Then give me two coffees.
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